Discussing Torah matters because the Torah matters

Judah in Three Acts

Judah is an important figure, a character we should want to understand. But dig into his story and you will see, it gets complicated. He seems like two different people.


Have you ever felt like two different people?


In Genesis 37 he is a villain; in Genesis 44 he is a hero. How do we reconcile two extremes in one person? How do we connect the dots to draw up a man who makes sense and feels real, interesting, and relevant? Well check it out: it all comes together when we notice his story follows a three-act structure, a classic method of story-telling that we Westerners so know and love. 


  • Act 1: The Setup
    • Judah instigates the sale of Joseph into slavery (Genesis 37). 
  • Act 2: The Confrontation
    • Judah sins again, but is confronted by his daughter-in-law Tamar (Genesis 38). 
  • Act 3: The Crisis & Resolution
    • Judah must choose whether to step out and save his little brother Benjamin from slavery. To do so is to put his own life on the line (Genesis 44).

Let’s run through all three acts, but not in chronological order for dramatic reasons. (To add some extra flavor, you might play this music as you read what follows.)


Act I: The Judean wilderness. 

 

Joseph is struggling for breath at the bottom of a pit, having been left for dead. His older brothers are seating themselves for lunch, fingernail scratches still raw on their forearms. A merchant caravan appears on the hillside, heading in the direction of Egypt. Judah spies an opportunity and presents it to his brothers. His pitch is simple: Brothers, let the slavers in Egypt work Joseph to death. This way his blood is on their hands, not ours. As an added bonus, an easy profit will be ours to enjoy.


The brothers like the proposal. They return to the pit to hoist Joseph back to sunlight. For a moment Joseph thinks they’ve had a change of heart. Sadly the opposite is true. The brothers have returned merely to make his disappearance irrevocable. 

 

Who brokers the deal with the merchants? Genesis doesn’t specify. But with the oldest brother being absent and given that Judah proposed the idea, it seems fitting that Judah would lead the negotiation. Whatever the case may be, the merchants ultimately purchase Joseph and go on their way, disappearing beyond the south horizon. 

 

Judah and his co-conspirators now find themselves in a cover-up. To hide this heinous deed from their father, they immerse Joseph’s robe in a pool of goat’s blood. Days later they present the robe to their father and, in an Oscar-worthy performance, they tell him, “This coat we have found, identify please (ha’ker na in Hebrew) if it is your son’s robe.” Their father Jacob is panic-stricken. He cries out, “It is my son’s robe! A fierce animal has devoured him. Joseph has been torn to pieces.” Their father then rips his garment and puts on sackcloth. He mourns the loss of his son for many days, weeping (37:34). 

 

As time passes, the brothers (including Judah) try to comfort their father, but he is inconsolable. Their father Jacob insists, “No, I will continue to mourn until I join Joseph in the grave.” Having to witness their father shrivel into a shell of his former self, Judah – the ringleader of Josephs disappearance – becomes a target of resentment. For the brothers, it is easier to blame him than blame themselves. They reason: if we had left Joseph to die in the pit as originally planned, Rueben would’ve returned and pulled him to safety, then today everything at home would be better than it is. Instead, nothing is right. Their father’s crestfallen spirit sucks the life out of every room they ever share. 

 

Be that as it may, the brothers keep the big secret a secret. For us readers, this is a telling insight because we catch of a glimpse of Judah through the eyes of his brothers. In the eyes of his brothers, he towers. We know this because all the sons of Jacob try to comfort their father (37:35), yet not one points a finger at Judah. Not one confesses or lays the crime at his feet – not even the oldest brother Rueben! Judah shines here. He is a natural leader, evidenced by his brothers cooperation and loyalty. Judah possesses the gift of influence, or perhaps authority. Whether he wields this gift for good or evil is ultimately his choice to make. But we see its effect on those around him: the brothers watch their father agonize over a false narrative while they keep their mouths shut, prioritizing their brother Judah above all. 

 

However he manages to garner their loyalty, Judah will certainly merit our respect in Act III. Act III is Genesis 44, a chapter in which Judah wields his gifting for the good. 

 

 

Act III: An opulent Egyptian palace, 20 years later.


Joseph has become viceroy of the most dominant superpower on earth. He doesn’t answer to Joseph anymore. In this place he is Zaphenath-Paneah (41:45). And seated in the heights of the royal palace at the center of the world, Zaphenath is right at home. Zap looks, acts, and speaks like an Egyptian overlord in full command, a power-player on the world’s biggest stage. 

 

Being reacquainted with his long-lost brothers, the unrecognizable Joseph plays 4D chess. His actions reset the table in a way that gives him the advantage. He wants to see if his brothers will make the same move as before. He creates a scenario in which a familiar opportunity presents itself: the brothers can expend a pawn at the edge of the board to advance their own self-interest, absent their father. The question is, will they do it? Will they rid themselves of Rachel’s second son just as they rid themselves of her first? 

 

Joseph frames Benjamin for a theft Benjamin did not commit. Joseph then summons the boy to receive due punishment: a life of slavery in Egypt, a death sentence. But then Judah (Judah!) steps out from the group. In earnest, he tells this Egyptian Royal, “What can we say, my lord? God has uncovered our guilt. We are now your slaves.” 

 

In response Joseph nudges a chess piece forward. His move is one of curiosity without risking control. “No, he says, you go back to your father in peace. Just leave me the boy guilty of theft.” 


There it is: the way is paved. The brothers can rid themselves of the boy with a simple nod. They have all the justification they would ever need to ditch him. 

 

But Judah counters, his answer unexpected. Joseph has no way to know that Judah isn’t the same man he remembers. Today a much-older Judah stands before him: a man who haseen his father destroyed by the loss of a son. Judah himself has endured the loss of two sons. He is a changed man. Now holding back tears, Judah tells Zaphenath-Paneah, “Pardon your servant, my lord, but let me speak a word to you.” 


With modern eyes, we might picture this a high-stakes courtroom drama. Judah approaches the bench with his brothers behind him, their heads down, their eyes wide and uncertain

 

The old shepherd speaks personally to the Egyptian Royal. Making the best of his weathered voice, Judah pleas, “Do not be angry. I recognize that you are equal to Pharaoh. But listen, our father loves this boy. He didn’t want him to come in the first place! But we insisted; I insisted. If we now return without him, my dad will die in grief. My lord, you must understand: I personally guaranteed the boy’s safety. I said, ‘Father, if I dont bring him back as promised, the blame. I will bear it until the day I die.’” 

 

With eyes sharpened by make-up and trained for steadiness, Joseph watches the wrinkled and sunburnt face of the old shepherd soften. It is the surrender of a natural-born leader. “Please, let me stay behind as your slave in place of the boy. Let the boy go back. I cannot go back if the boy is not with me. I cannot see the misery that would befall my father.”

 

Judah’s redemption moment has arrived. Joseph is so awestruck by the transformation that he cannot contain his emotions for much longer. He commands the palace servants to leave at once. Only after the last servant has exited the palace hall does the Egyptian lord reveal his true identity to the brothers. 

 

Some 4000 years later, the heaviness in that room at that moment maintains its edge. 


A question emerges. How does Judah go from the wicked, self-serving opportunist of Act I to the selfless, family-first heroism of Act III? Having only these two acts, our main character seems totally incongruent. How do we reconcile the contradictions?  


The answer lies in Act II, i.e. Chapter 38. In Chapter 38 we witness Judah’s turning point, or, if you prefer, his breaking point. Let’s rewind to Chapter 38 and see what happens. 

 

 

Act II: Canaan, the decades between Chapter 37 & 44. 

 

Chapter 38 is the middle act in Judahs story. Here’s a summary of the chapter. I will set the stage with a few key points. 

 

Judah leaves his brothers at the beginning of the chapter (38:1). 


No surprise here! Given the level of tension among the brothers following the sell of Joseph and their father’s ensuing depression, Judah leaves his home because he wants to escape the mess he has caused. He is running away from his past in hopes he can quiet a guilty conscience. 


Judah marries a Canaanite woman (38:2). 


Indicative of a man who is breaking ties with his Hebrew family. He is waging total war against his past. 

Judah and his Canaanite wife have three boys, all of whom reach the age of marriage before the end of the chapter (38:3-14). 

In terms of its timespan, Genesis 38 is a long chapter. It spans close to two decades. 

Reading the chapter, we learn that Judah’s oldest son dies. This makes the son’s wife, Tamar, a widow. Tamar is then married to Son #2 (as was custom in those days). But then Son #2 is dies. Tamar, again a widow, is now supposed to be given to Judah’s third son. However, the third son is, for the time being, too young to be married. So Tamar goes off to live with her parents while she waits on further word from her father-in-law, Judah. 


After a long time Judah’s wife passes away. Judah becomes a widower. As a widower, Judah travels to a town where he encounters a prostitute along the roadside. A veil cloaks her face. For temporary payment, he gives this prostitute his staff, his seal and its cord. They sleep together and he leaves. A few weeks pass. Through a series of revelations, he discovers he’s been robbed by the prostitute and he’ll never see his belongings again (or so he thinks). So as not to become a laughingstock among the townspeople, he writes off the loss and buries the matter. 


Three months later he learns that his daughter-in-law, Tamar, has become pregnant. In his eyes, the surprise pregnancy is audacious. She bore no kids to his first two sons; she has yet to marry his third son; how can she be pregnant if not but for adultery? Furious beyond measure, he calls for a public execution. “Bring her out and burn her to death!” he declares. The townspeople like the proposal. They bring Tamar out to be killed, both her and the unborn life inside her. 


But Tamar does the most unexpected thing. She sends word to Judah privately, saying, “I am pregnant by the man who owns these.” Lo and behold, the items she presents are Judah’s personal belongings: his staff, his seal and its cord. Tamar says then, “Identify please (ha’ker na) whose seal and cord and staff these are.” 

 

Without realizing it, Tamar uses the same language that Judah and his brothers employed when they presented the torn and bloodied robe of Joseph to their father, Jacob. 


A flashback jolts Judah to his senses. Judah hears her words in a way that only Judah can hear. Her words land with all the force of the Holy Spirit. He melts. Judah reverses course and halts the execution. She is more righteous than I, Judah says, since I did not give her my son. 


This moment marks a turning point in the life of Judah, and for our purposes it closes the curtains on Act II. Here a stir should ripple among us audience members, a stir of whispers and intrigue. Judah sees himself in Tamar, no doubt! In various ways Judah and Tamar are alike. 

  • Judah deceived his father; Tamar deceived her father-in-law. 
  • Both Tamar and Judah, a widow and widower, slept with someone out of wedlock.  

Yet according to Judah, Tamar is the more righteous of them. How can this be? 


Well, notice:

  • Judah’s haker na was a selfish manipulation. It was meant to cover up Judah’s evil deed of selling Joseph. 
  • Tamar’s ha’ker na was a selfless plea to live. It was made with such discretion that it covered up Judah’s evil deed of sleeping with a prostitute.

By sending word to him privately rather than blurting it out in public, Tamar kept Judah from becoming a laughingstock. She also put her life into his hands. Because, after having repossessed his belongings, Judah could have denied the legitimacy of her plea and followed through with the execution – a brand new cover-up of epic proportions. But this time around, Judah chooses a more righteous path forward. He recognizes that Tamar did the same thing that he did, but she did it in the opposite direction: toward the good rather than the bad, toward life rather than death. And this made an indelible impact on him. She is more righteous than I,he says. 


The next time we see Judah, he is a changed man. He is once again living alongside his brothers and Jacob, their father. He is the man who will go on to display the selfless heroism of the third act, standing up for Benjamin and putting his own life on the line. It just goes to show how God can transform a person through a careful orchestration of life experiences. The person doesnt even have to be centerstage to receive main-character treatment. Judah is proof of that. 

My Take on Gentile Inclusion - Helpful Parallels

In my view, the Torah provides two pictures to help us understand Gentile inclusion into the commonwealth of Israel and the covenants of promise (Ephesians 2:12). 

  • First: Jacob's adoption of Ephraim and Manasseh. 
  • Second: the mixed multitude's presence at Sinai. 

Let's start with the first. To begin we glean a clue from the First Century. 

Jesus would have been known as Jesus son of Joseph among His contemporaries. As far as I am concerned, this has a strategic double-meaning. (Why is it strategic? Because God created the genius of all the best poets. As such, He is doesn't stumble into coincidences.) The character of Joseph in Genesis portrays the person of Jesus son of Joseph. In Genesis, Joseph has two sons during his residence in Egypt – that is – the Gentile world. Their names are Ephraim and Manasseh. Ephraim and Manasseh (E&M) are Gentiles according to currently-held, centuries-old Jewish law. Why? Because both were born of a Gentile mother in Egypt. And growing up in Egypt, E&M knew only the Gentile version of Joseph. They knew little of their father's Jewish life. They knew, perhaps, that his Jewish brothers had rejected him, had put him in the ground, had sold him for silver, had passed him off to the Gentile world, had vetoed his place among the family. Indeed, E&M esteemed their father's Jewish day to be of very little worth. It was an offense, in ways. Their immediate contribution to Joseph's story had aged quite poorly. 

Fast forward. 

Jacob Israel adopts Ephraim and Manasseh as sons of his own. With a careful read of Genesis 48, the cosmic curtain pulls back to give you a peek into the truths revealed later in Romans 11. How so? Because in Genesis 48, Israel tells Joseph that his sons "are mine, as Rueben and Simeon are." In other words, the father grafts in Jospeh's Gentile sons as if they were his own – and not only that, he elevates them to the firstborn position! We must run our finger up against this to catch the undercurrent that carries the entire climax of Genesis. Israel the father pictures God the Father; Joseph the son pictures Jesus the Son; E&M picture us Gentiles being grafted into the house of Israel by way of our personal relationship with Jesus.

Later in Exodus, the sons and daughters of Ephraim and Manasseh leave behind everything they have ever known. They leave Egypt and all of its trappings to travel along with the families of Jacob toward a place entirely unknown. Whereas the other tribes/familes are returning to a place they came from, the tribes/families of E&M are traveling to a place that is alien to their origin story. They are nevertheless determined: they belong to Israel now, not to Egypt – even though their fathers E&M have never been to the land of Israel! The tribes of E&M represent us Gentiles who find our place in the family of Abraham. We are not Jewish but we do inherit the covenants of promise and the commonwealth of Israel. Recall, Jacob didn't adopt Ephraim and Manasseh. Israel adopted them. From this we derive an insight: we Gentiles are not the sons of Jacob, but we are the sons of Israel – products of the one who wrestled with God and persevered, albeit with a limp.

Let's jump to the second picture: 

At Sinai, God gave His Torah to the Israelites. Right? Well yes, but when we say it this way, we tend to think of "the Jews" and no one else. But what about the great mixed multitude that went out of Egypt with the Jews? Those Gentiles who saw the judgement of Egypt and experiences a change of heart? This Gentile multitude recognized that the God of the Hebrews was indeed the one true God, and they gave Him their allegiance. Maybe they put the blood on their doorposts; maybe they lost a firstborn son. Whatever the case may be, they left Egypt and risked their lives on that decision. Not only was this multitude a big crowd of Gentiles, it was a crowd of Gentiles that (I believe) represented every nation on earth. How can I say this? Genesis 41:56 says that a great famine was over "all the face of the land." (Read the various translations and you get the sense that the whole civilized world was affected. The world's population at the time was largely concentrated in and around that area of the globe.) This famine brought people from all over the known world to Egypt. Some came and went, others came and stayed. I believe God used the famine to bring a mixed multiple of people into Egypt so that, in time, He could draw them out and bring them to Sinai. This speculation aside, a great mixed multitude of Gentiles was nevertheless present at the foot of Sinai and they, too, had a Pentecost experience when God gave them the Torah. These Gentiles came to see themselves as partakers in the covenants of promise, members of the commonwealth of Israel. God didn't just give His Torah to Jews; He gave it to Gentiles too. He gave it to His people, the kahal, the sons of Israel. 

These two pictures inform my thinking on a number of items. That said, I look at the elders in Acts and I appreciate the wisdom of their light-handed approach to things regarding the Gentiles. They leave it so open-ended. In Acts 15, they give four basic laws which get Gentiles through the door of synagogue (see Acts 15:21). In synagogue, they would hear the Torah read, learn about their God, learn background about their Messiah, learn about the commandments. Where they went from there would a personal journey, but the elders had to assume that Scripture (ie. the Old Testament) would speak for itself. (Remember: there was no "New Testament" at the time.)

Buried Treasure: Rachel’s Last Call for Confession

There’s a treasure of a story buried beneath the topsoil of Genesis 31-35. The characters in focus are Jacob, Rachel, and Laban. We join the plot as Jacob prepares to flee his father-in-law, Laban, without telling him. Jacob will take with him a caravan of family members, servants, animals and possessions. Little does he realize, his beloved wife Rachel is about to steal her father’s idols.

Alone in Labans dwelling, a question crosses Rachel’s mind as she pockets the idols. “How am I going to get away with this?” Rachel realizes that Laban will soon discover that his idols are gone, and he will link their disappearance to Jacob. But Rachel reasons with herself: no, Laban won’t go so far as to pursue Jacob into the hills. Laban is more likely to replace the idols and leave the matter alone. 

Why does Rachel take her father’s idols? 

Here are five potential motives. 

1.    A noble act: She takes them from Laban as a kind of rescue, to wean her father away from idol worship. “If the idols can’t save themselves, then they can’t save you, Laban. You need to wake up to the truth.” 

2.  A prudent action: Laban’s idols are “oracles” according to Rabbi Hirsch. With this reading, Rachel recognizes that behind these idols are real and dark supernatural forces. She doesn’t want these forces to tell Laban the whereabouts of Jacobs location. So, by taking the oracles, she is buying time. “Ill steal the idols so Laban can’t consult them and learn our location.”

3.    A sentimental attachment: She grew up with these idols and now she simply can’t let them go. Almost like a teenage girl packing her time-raggled stuffed animal as she travels off to college. Or maybe like a Christmas nativity set from your childhood that you can’t seem to part with. “I’m taking these because I want something that reminds me of home.”

4.   A business moveIt’s been pointed out that there was a tradition in ancient Mesopotamia that he who possessed the family gods possessed certain rights over the household. As revealed in Genesis 31:14, Rachel knew that her father had no intention of passing a share of his estate to her and her sister, Leah. So Rachel thinks, “I’ll take these idols so we can return after my father’s death and lay a claim to our inheritance.” (Proponents of this explanation reference the fact that Laban accepts the theft of his idols only after he receives a guarantee that Jacob will not cross a particular boundary line between them. Laban knows then that his sons’ inheritance will be protected; Jacob will not return and lay claim to any piece of Laban’s estate.)

5.    An act of spite: Rachel is so fed up with Laban that she wants to hit him where it hurts the most. “I’m going to steal these idols because I know how much they mean to my father, and he deserves to hurt after the way he’s treated me, after the way he ruined what should have been my wedding night.” 

These potential motives deserve consideration, and perhaps all factor in to some extent. The narrative provides two clues which may help us clarify the matter some. 

Clue #1: she doesn’t tell Jacob about the theft. 
Clue #2: she still possesses the idols after 10 days! 

Clue #1 leads me to believe that a guilty conscience is involved, thereby ruling out “the noble act” idea. Had it been a noble act, she would’ve told Jacob. 

Clue #2 leads me to believe that “the prudent move” isn’t the answer either. Had she just been trying to prevent Laban from consulting his oracles, she could’ve buried the idols at the first opportunity, her goal having been accomplished. Clue #2 also leads me to believe that “the act of spite” isn’t her primary motivation either. Had it been a simple act of spite, she would’ve discarded or destroyed them soon after their departure. There’s no need to keep incriminating evidence any longer than necessary. But as we know, Rachel was still holding on to them after 10 days!

“The business move” isn’t compelling because she already knows that Jacob is a wealthy man returning to a wealthy family. Rachel doesn’t need to claim additional riches from her father Laban. Besides that, this motivation doesn’t seem true to her character in my opinion.  

Does she take the idols due to sentimental attachment? Possibly. The tokens of our childhood can be difficult to let go of, especially if we derive a level of emotional security from them. Still, I don’t find this reason compelling in and of itself. 

There is another explanation, a sixth possibility. Dennis Prager puts it well: “Rachel surely believed in the God of Jacob, but she might well have still believed in the power of idols with which she grew up. When people believe in many visible gods, it takes a very long time to get them to believe in one invisible God. Rachel’s behavior may have been similar to that of Neils Bohr, the Nobel-prize winning physicist who was said to keep a rabbit’s foot in his laboratory. When an astonished visitor asked, ‘But surely, professor, you don’t believe in a rabbit’s foot?’ Bohr responded, ‘Of course not. But they say a rabbit’s foot brings you luck whether you believe in it or not.’”

Rachel was desperately anxious to have a child (Gen. 30:1) and then, later on, desperately anxious to have a second child. Prager points out that Rachel may have taken the idols because she was open to utilizing all means necessary toward procuring her goal, including mandrakes, Jacob’s God, and perhaps also the gods from her father’s household. This point, I believe, explains Rachels motivation in the most satisfying way. 1) She’s an anxious person by nature, 2) she is desperate to have children, and 3) she’s hedging her bets.

Ten days after leaving, the unexpected happens. Laban catches up to them and confronts Jacob about the disappearance of the idols.  

Jacob is flabbergasted by the accusation. Even still, a simple assurance from Jacob that he did not steal the idols would suffice at this point. Instead, Jacob makes an audacious declaration to Laban. “Anyone with whom you find your gods shall not remain alive!” (31:32).

Remember now: Jacob, the grandson of Abraham, has inherited the power to bless and to curse. His words carry weight. They have an effect. Furthermore, how do you think his words washed over Rachel who was also present at the scene?

Dennis Prager comments, “We are all occasionally tempted to make these types of grandiose avowals, but they are risky and rarely necessary. Jacob’s statement turns out to be highly risky—and unnecessary, as it does not deter Laban from searching the tents in Jacob’s camp.” Even more than risky and unnecessary, it is harmful because, in this moment, Rachel cements the secrecy of her sin. Suddenly the theft threatens her future, her very life. Her husband’s condemnation is so strong that the possibility of her ever admitting the truth to him is here and now smothered.

Laban resorts to searching the tents. But why? Why doesn’t he believe Jacob’s denial of guilt? “Because Laban regularly deceived people. People who lie assume everyone else does, too. This is the built-in punishment of the dishonest: they go through life convinced they are constantly being deceived” (Prager).   

Laban starts his search beginning with his top suspects: Jacob, then Leah, then the two maidservants. His youngest daughter Rachel is the least suspected of all, evidenced by the fact that Laban visits her tent last. As he closes in on her tent, I am reminded of Achan in Joshua 7. 

  • Just as Achan took from Jericho “some of the devoted things,” Rachel had taken from Laban some of his devoted things. 
  • Just as Achan endured an agonizing countdown before being singled out from his family, so too Rachel endures an agonizing countdown as Laban closes in on her and her secret. 
  • Just as Achan hid the stolen gold and silver in the ground beneath his tent, now Rachel hides the stolen idols in a saddle beneath her in a tent. 

Of course, death was Achan’s sentence. If discovered, what will come of Rachel? 

As Laban enters her tent, Rachel tells him, “Let not my lord take it amiss that I cannot rise before you, for the period of women is upon me.” Laban takes Rachel at her word. He does not look under the cushion because it would have been inconceivable to him that Rachel would run the risk of menstruating on his gods. Moments later he exits the tent empty-handed, and Rachel breathes a sigh of relief believing that she is off the hook. But is she really? 

We read that after Jacob and Laban part ways, Jacob arrives safely at the city of Shechem and buys some adjacent land (33:18-19). Not long after, something crazy takes place (Genesis 34). As a result, the women and children of Shechem fall under Jacob’s authority (34:27-29). Jacob wants to leave the area because he is worried about the neighboring Canaanites (34:30). God gives him directions to go to Bethel. Jacob obeys, but before leaving Jacob commands all who are with him to bury their idols under an old oak tree. He does not want any foreign deities to join them on their journey to Bethel. 

The widows of Shechem approach the old oak tree as commanded and discard their idols, one by one, into a pit. The question is – is Rachel still harboring Laban’s idols? And if so, does she bring them forward in this moment? Because this (we can agree) is her opportunity to do it! In fact, it may well be her last call for confession, because the Bible tells us that her untimely death is just around the corner. The Bible doesn’t specify what Rachel does with the idols. We as readers are given no closure in this regard. Labans idols are last seen with Rachel sitting on them as she guards her sin from everyone who is important in her life. What happens to the idols after that moment remains a mystery to this day. 

Nevertheless, here is a way to demystify the story with a measure of plausibility. We teleport ourselves to that afternoon underneath the old oak at Shechem. There, with Jacob and pregnant Rachel standing next to us, we watch the Shechemite women – widow after widow after widow – step forward to deposit a household idol into this pit under the oak tree. What is not so obvious is that Rachel envies their ability to surrender their idols. She thinks of the idols that secretly remain in her possession. They are stowed away among her belongings. She has come to resent them in a way, but she is extremely protective of the saddle that they stay inside. She is pregnant, after all, and miscarriages are common.

Believing all idols to have been discarded, Jacob leaves Shechem and travels southward with the rest of his caravan. The caravan makes a stop in Bethel and then travels onward to Bethlehem. Along the way Rachel goes into labor and gives birth to a son. She names the baby Benoni, “son of my sorrow.” She then dies unexpectedly during childbirth.

Okay yall – here is the question I have been building up to, a question that cant be answered with certainty but a question that still merits some consideration. Is Rachel’s premature passing a result of the curse that Jacob pronounced over her life without realizing it? Recall, Jacob had declared death to the person who stole Laban’s idols. He did not know who the curse would fall upon. Still his words carry the weight of God’s promise to Abraham, that whoever dishonors you I will curse (Gen. 12:3). And then, given Rachel’s failure to confess and seek correction, had Rachel unknowingly sealed up its lethal affect?

Her departing words express sadness as she names her son Benoni. We might wonder: what if her sorrow was made worse by unresolved guilt? She knows that Labans idols still hide in a pouch inside her tent. She knows that Jacob will discover them over the course of time. But perhaps she takes this knowledge with her to the grave. 

We know that Jacob struggles in the wake of Rachel’s death. He withdraws from the rest of his family. Genesis 35:21-22 describes that dark period. Rabbi Hirsch translates the original Hebrew in a way that renders a unique insight. We key in on one specific detail: “[Jacob] journeyed on [from the place that Rachel was buried] and pitched his tent at some distance from the herd tower. When [Jacob] was residing in that land, Rueben . . . placed his couch beside his father’s concubine so that [Jacob] heard of it.” What is the meaning of this detail: at some distance from the herd tower? Hirsch writes, “It is possible that the tent pitched by Jacob is the tent that Jacob formerly shared with Rachel. Thus, the meaning would be: Jacob pitched [the tent that he and Rachel used to share] at some distance from the herd tower around which the rest of his family had encamped.” 

So to say, Jacob withdraws from the rest of the family due to his grieving Rachel. Whereas Jacob resided among them when Rachel was alive, he isolates himself in the days or weeks following her death. And it is during this absence that Jacob’s oldest son makes a salacious move and sleeps with his concubine.

We can imagine a moment during this timeframe. It might have gone like this: A servant breaks off from the camp and travels over to Jacob’s tent, distant and isolated. The servant goes in to tell Jacob about the outrageous act committed by his oldest son Rueben. But Jacob, for the time being, is too detached to be outraged, too exhausted to seek action. At first the servant cannot understand why. But then Jacob gestures toward a pouch that is folded up in the corner of the tent. Out of the bag, the servant pulls a number of carved objects into the firelight. The objects are unmistakable. The objects are Laban’s idols. 

This telling sure seems plausible to me! I mean what if something like this happened? What if, following the burial of Rachel, Jacob stumbled upon her long-held secret? And perhaps Jacob, wide-eyed and white-faced, couldn’t help but remember the words he so rashly blurted out over the thief’s life

Genesis 26: A Flashback

Alright. I’m convinced. 

Genesis 26 is backstory. It’s a flashback. It’s an excerpt from a previous time. Now I know it’s a stretch to say this because the narrative doesn’t typically break from the forward progress of time, but we do have some examples. Exodus 10:27-29 & 11:4-8 seem to be out of order, for instance. The earlier passage seems to occur after the later passage takes place. Another example of the text breaking from linear time is Genesis 2. Chapter 2:1-3 tells about Day 7 of creation, but then 2:4-25 goes back in time to revisit Day 6 with more detail. All of this is just to say, revisiting something from the past isn’t unheard of in the Torah. It is rare but it happens. We’d have to ask, though: why a flashback in Genesis 26?

Well first things first. What is flashback?

Flashback is a literary device used to create a background to the present situation. An author uses this device as an opportunity to provide insight and meaning within the story at hand. Flashback is one of the most common and recognizable writing techniques, and, when executed well, one of the most effective.

There is generally a trigger, something that causes the narrator to recall a particular event or detail from the past. The trigger is explored/explained in the flashback itself which serves to provide new information to the reader. 

With this in mind, let me make the case that Genesis 26 is actually a flashback. Start by noting that Genesis 26 tells the story of Isaac and Rebekah living among the Philistines in a city called Gerar. The account says they lived there for a long time (26:8). And yet, no mention of their twin boys, Jacob and Esau, is made in association with their time in Gerar. In fact, the boys are not a factor at all! While Isaac acts like Rebekah is not his wife, not one Philistine asks, “Then who do these boys belong to? Indeed, the whole charade between “unmarried” Isaac and “unmarried” Rebekah appears to be uncomplicated by the presence of kids. Of course, we can make perfect sense of this if we read it as a flashback, an excerpt from a previous time. When they lived in Gerar, they hadn’t had kids yet!

This would make sense of the Narrators storytelling, too. The flashback is triggered by Esau selling his birthright to Jacob in Genesis 25. “Esau despised his birthright” is the final statement of chapter 25. We turn the page to chapter 26 and suddenly the reader is transported back in time. Where do we land? We land at the moment that God goes to Esau’s father, Isaac, and endows him with all that was given to Abraham. In other words, when Esau trades away his birthright for a pot of beans, it’s as if the Narrator calls a time-out. He’s like let’s go back and understand the magnitude of this birthright. Because––clearly––Esau has forgotten it, or he underestimates it, or something. I don’t want you to do the same. 

The flashback commences. We find ourselves witnessing a time from years past when Isaac and Rebekah are living among the Philistines in Gerar. They live here “for a long time” (Genesis 26:8). Their marriage is a total secret. The locals don’t realize the two of them are married because Isaac is lying to everyone, acting like his wife Rebekah is actually his sister. Why lie? Because he is afraid! He is acting out of fear. And this tells us something about him. It tells us that Isaac can sometimes lose sight of the big picture because what’s in front of him is the most pressing thing. He’s a godly man, for sure, but the danger in Gerar is clear and present, and God’s larger-than-life promises are, well, larger than life. So he loses sight of the big picture and decides to lie about his situation. And no one knows that better than his own wife, Rebekah, who has to pretend to be Isaac’s sister “for a long time.” She knows it’s deceitful on their part, yes, but the ends justify the means. 

The flashback ends when we reach the final two verses in Genesis 26. We’re now back where we left off at the end of Genesis 25. Esau abruptly re-enters the frame. Esau thought little of his birthright the last time we saw him, and now we see him thinking little of his family name as he intermarries with the Hittites. Still, he is rubbing his hands together in anticipation for his father’s blessing. 


Time out! Important context ahead:
Here’s the birthright and the blessing in a nutshell.

Birthright: the responsibility to take care of the family and the estate. 
Blessing: the means with which to carry out that responsibility.
Whoever has the birthright (typically the firstborn son) needs to get the blessing,
because the blessing is the means with which to carry out the birthright. 

In this case, the firstborn son should not receive the blessing because, legally, he is not the firstborn son anymore! Esau sold his his firstborn status to Jacob. Jacob took on the responsibility of the firstborn son through that transaction. So Jacob, now technically the firstborn, is the one to whom the blessing should go. And his mother Rebekah knows this with such certainty. (After all, God told her long ago that the older would serve the younger.) But Rebekah also knows her husband well. She knows that her husband can, at times, lose sight of the big picture. He did it in Gerar and he is about to do it again. If he gives the blessing to Esau, it will be a mistake he cannot undo. And so, with the courage she learned as an unmarried” women living among the Philistines, it is decided: she will make a bold move. She will be deceitful, yes, but the ends justify the means.  

In time, her husband would learn the truth. Isaac would learn that Rebekah was behind the scheme to switch Jacob for Esau. And Isaac would have been furious with her had it not been for one important discovery. He discovers that the birthright belongs to Jacob, not Esau! He discovers that Jacob has legally come to possess the firstborn status! So Isaac can’t be too angry with Rebekah, because Rebekah protected him from a terrible mishap. That is, to give the blessing to someone who does not possess the birthright in God’s eyes. 

Still, a very daring maneuver on Rebekah’s part, to instigate this whole son swap, to risk her good name on a move so audacious. But she is no stranger to risk. She learned to accept risk during her long stay in Gerar, going out as a “single” woman among the Philistines. While Isaac was afraid, Rebekah learned how not to be afraid. She certainly wasn’t too afraid when she told her son Jacob, “My son, [if this ploy doesn’t work], let the curse fall on me. Just do what I say; go and get the ingredients [of the stew] for me.”

Can you see why I like to read Genesis 26 as flashback? Let me speak broadly. 

- God is the ultimate author. The Torah is His book. If a human author can use flashback as a literary device to tell a story more powerfully, why can’t God do it in His book? 

- If Genesis 26 is a flashback, it makes sense of why Jacob and Esau aren’t a factor in Gerar. It explains why Isaac and Rebekah can pretend to be unmarried. 

- Genesis 26 (the flashback) is wedged between Jacob’s receiving the birthright and Jacob’s receiving the blessing. In my eyes, it makes sense to go back in time at this moment because rewinding the timeline to visit Isaac and Rebekah in Gerar pertains to both the birthright and the blessing! 
- We see the magnitude of the birthright that Esau so casually gave away. 
- Through the flashback, we see where Isaacs blessing gets its teeth spiritually and physically.  
- We see how Rebekah garnered the courage to make the decision she made, and perhaps why she was okay with a measure of deceit so long as the ends justified the means. 
- We see why Isaac would have loved his wife even after she deceived him. After all, she had put up with his deception in Gerar for such a long time, and she’d done so at her own risk.  
- Finally, reading Genesis 26 as flashback yields a window into a beautiful moment. Remember when the king of Gerar spies Isaac and Rebekah being intimate with each other in Genesis 26:8? I like to think this detail captures when their twins, Jacob and Esau, were conceived. 

Showdown in the Wilderness

Coiled around a high branch in the center of the Garden, the snake studies the man and his wife closely, their heat signature held in two black and narrow slits of bottomless eyes. He is absolutely still but for a forked tongue that slips in and out of his mouth, each pass delivering to him the savory scent of his unsuspecting prey. He hungers for this couple in every way but especially for their holiness, for in their holiness is the likeness of God.

This snake is unlike any other creature in the Garden because this snake is no animal at all, but the enemy himself in the form of his true essence as manifest in the physical world. His essence is as it truly is in this place, because this is the Garden of Eden, a zone where the physical perfectly articulates the spiritual. In this place, he has no choice but to manifest as a venomous cobra, a cold-blooded constrictor, or some combination of the two. 

From what heights he has fallen! The enemy was once ordained to be a guardian of heaven, the seal of perfection, a creature full of wisdom and perfect in beauty. He was adorned with precious stones on the day he was created. He was blameless in his ways until “wickedness was found in him.” His heart became proud on account of his beauty. Self-indulgence corrupted his wisdom. Intoxicated with pride, the mantra of his heart so became:
“I will ascend to the heavens;
I will raise my throne above the stars of God;
I will sit enthroned on the mount of assembly,
I will ascend above the tops of the clouds;
I will make myself like the Most High.”

He recognizes that the created world is the sole avenue by which he can achieve his aims. But God has given the dominion of the world to man (Genesis 1:26). The snake cannot seize it; he can merely receive it if man chooses to give it over. The snake is not afraid of a bet; he has already taken a few himself. He bets now that man is gullible enough to give away all dominion of the earth. As he beholds this man and his wife on their first full day of existence––they are giggling and splashing naked in a shallow riverbed––more and more he likes his odds.

As the Sabbath Day goes on, he watches from a distance and takes notes. He sees that the man and his wife are invited to eat freely from any tree they choose, and there are miles upon miles of fruitful trees from which to eat. The variety of options exemplify the diversity of choice within God’s blessing. So long as they eat from the buffet that God has prepared, they will feast forever in true freedom, exercising their free-will every day without end.

There is but one prohibition: the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. This tree is expressly off-limits. God warned Adam in no uncertain terms: “...you must not eat from the Tree of Knowledge, for when you eat of it you will surely die” (Genesis 2:17). The tree itself (though off-limits) is still a good tree. After all, it was seeded on Day 3 of creation, and at the end of Day 3, God looked at everything He had made and called it good. The forbidden tree contributes a special dynamic to the Garden. It is like the surprising radical that makes the whole equation for free-will balance out in the end. Without this variable, humanity is a bride locked away inside her husband’s castle. Without free-will in place she cannot leave, and if she is not allowed to leave, the framework of genuine love and relationship cannot exist. But having the freedom to leave––coupled with the bride’s choosing to stay––that expresses meaningful commitment on her part, and the mutual trust invested by both parties. As it’s been said: to have the freedom to say yes, one must also have the freedom to say no. 

But to say no to the source of life is problematic. To say no to God is to stray from Life. It is to sin and accept the slavery associated with the fear of death (Hebrews 2:15). Thus, the freedom to eat from the Tree of Knowledge is the freedom to sell away your freedom. It’s the end of freedom, as it were. So God prohibits the tree because he wants the very best for humanity. He forbids it to protect your freedom, yet He includes it to protect your freedom to choose. 

What’s even more, God plants the Tree of Knowledge boldly! He sets it down in the center of the Garden! He doesn’t set it in some far-off corner; He doesn’t hide it behind some Truman-Show-like barrier. It’s not the hard-to-find Shrub of Knowledge of Good and Evil. Instead, it’s the distinguished Tree of Knowledge standing counter to the Tree of Life itself, all other trees being placed on their periphery. It’s God’s declaring to man: if you want to leave, you have the right to do so. If you choose to venture beyond My presets, by all means have it your way. I’m not afraid to leave the door unlocked. You are my Beloved, and your partnership with Me with this ministry is a choice that you must make for yourself every single day. I am not afraid of your free-will. 

The Tree of Knowledge represents opportunity to the serpent. Whereas God views it as man’s way out, the enemy views it as his way in. So the snake stations himself among its branches. He trains his eyes on the man and his wife from a special vantage point atop the tree. As he watches them, he beholds the image and likeness of God, a sight which makes drool slip between his fangs. He knows, though, that today is not the opportune time to strike. He will wait until the Sabbath ends. 

Currently there is no sin and death in the world. Man still holds the key to the world; he has not yet opened the door to darkness, so sin and death have not crossed its threshold. But sin and death do exist within the enemy. Within the enemy, already there is separation from God; already there is the authorship of evil. So long as these stay contained within the enemy, their effects will do no harm to man. Sin and death will remain like a venom unreleased, a toxic agent never activated in the world. 

To be clear: the enemy’s fate is already bound to sin and death. No longer is he the seal of perfection; no longer is he blameless in heavenly splendor. Now he manifests as a serpent because that form best articulates his fallen essence. Sin and death being in him, he will make the most of what he has. He will weaponize death to his advantage, and he will utilize his mouth to pass the toxin. 

The serpent has but one original idea: the idea that words can differ from intention. The outside doesn’t have to match the inside. Using this dark discovery to his advantage, he will use his words to convey a beautiful message. He’s come for man’s sake. He is an advocate for human rights. Being so considerate, he will reveal what God has been keeping from them. That is, that the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge offers not death but freedom! It’s the pathway to enlightenment, knowing good and evil. It’s the chance to be like God! After all, they are created to be like God, right? 

The more truth you can mix with a falsehood, the better the falsehood sells. 

With his strategy prepared, the snake slithers downward at nightfall. His tongue slides in and out, its fork foreboding a cosmic split which his tongue will soon inspire. He takes a tactical position upon the tree’s lowest branch. He will wait here until morning. He is optimistic and starving. 

The galaxies fade as morning dawns in the Garden of Eden. A mist goes up from the ground to water the vegetation. The man and his wife awaken to a cacophony of new sounds that cascade from the lush greenery encircling them. What’s for breakfast? Some fruit from the Tree of Life. When they bite into it, they feel a surge of energy, a pulse of eternity, entering every fiber of their being. Having been created in the image of God they were made to be immortal. Via the Tree of Life, they connect to the everlasting. Without death and sin, they are naked but they feel no shame. 

It is Day 8 and they are eager to begin their ministry in the Garden. They are eager to go and walk through the Garden in every direction, knowing that wherever they set their feet, that land will be theirs. But then, just before the two of them get going, a whisper from the mist catches their attention. 

The serpent speaks. He targets the woman because, if his calculations are correct, she is the glory of man (as 1 Corinthians 1:13 will confirm). If he can compromise the woman––the crown of God’s great creation––then the man who is enamored with her will follow suit. Besides that, the enemy has a sweet tooth, and there is something especially delectable about her holiness.

The serpent’s first words to her––his first recorded words in history––are off-key. Literally.

“Aph kiy-amar elohim lotokh’lu miKol etz ha’gan?” That is, “Has God indeed said you shall not eat of every tree of the Garden?

Aph kiy...” he begins, the words that launch the serpent’s attack. These Hebrew words are phonetically identical to “off-key” in English. A linguistic coincidence for sure, but nevertheless instructive because everything the enemy says is a measure off-key.

To elaborate, when an instrument––a piano, for instance––is played by itself, it may sound perfectly in tune when actually it is off-key. This is because the instrument is tuned to itself, meaning each string inside the piano is tuned relative to the other parts of the same piano. Our ear is therefore betrayed into thinking it is properly tuned. But the truth will be heard when that piano is played alongside an orchestra performing at concert pitch. Concert pitch is the standard pitch to which all musical instruments are tuned for a performance. It is the universal frequency at which all instruments are supposed to play. As other instruments tuned to concert pitch begin to play, that piano––which once sounded so lovely––will sound painfully out of place with the orchestra. And so it is with the serpent’s words. When heard in isolation they sound in tune with truth, but when brought before the orchestra of God’s Word, the disharmony is abruptly obvious. 

Apart from this orchestra, the serpent’s opening question makes its way to the human race. And after hearing the woman’s response, the enemy knows it is done. He’s already got her.

The woman says, “We may eat fruit from the trees in the garden, but God did say, ‘You must not eat fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, and you must not touch it, or you will die.’”

Eve misquotes the commandment. God did not say you must not touch the forbidden fruit. Prior to Eve’s creation, God told Adam, “...of the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you will surely die” (Genesis 2:17). He mentions nothing about touching the tree. So where does Eve get this extra information from? 

She got it from Adam! When Adam passed it down to her, this thing about making no contact with the tree was Adam’s addition to God’s Word. Adam, with good intentions, had “built a fence around the Torah” (Ethics of the Fathers 1:1) so as to guard the law from being trespassed. But the addition––when not properly rooted and understood––confuses tradition with commandment. Here the lines blur, and in that blur the enemy finds a foothold. The serpent now realizes: all he has to do is get her to touch the fruit, and in that “sinful” moment, she will find that nothing bad happens. She will then doubt the commandment has any teeth, and she will find enough confidence to step out of the boat.

The serpent smiles inwardly. “You will not certainly die,” he replies. His reptile body tightens around the bottom branch that props him up. “For God knows that when you eat it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil.”

You’re missing out is the thrust of his temptation, the unspoken hook of his sales pitch. And now he stops selling. He knows that, at this point, whoever speaks first loses. Salesmen are taught this: to keep quiet after delivering the close. So the serpent holds his tongue. He stays confident and watches the woman’s eyes as curiosity calls them upward. Halfway up, the tree and its foliage recedes into the mist, giving it the appearance of a bridge reaching into the heavens. It’s perfect; the product sells itself! The snake lets the product take the lead and do the talking.  

Everything he told her is factual. Upon eating the fruit, her eyes will indeed be opened to knowing good and evil. And, as he promised, she will not die! At least in a certain sense, because she will go on living for hundreds of years after the fruit is consumed. It goes to show that the words of the salesman serpent are factually accurate in and of themselves. This is a telling insight. It is why his pitch is so often convincing. He laces his lies with facts. But facts can be misleading and off-key. Facts can be untruthful.

In truth, the forbidden fruit will send Eve on a path that veers away from Life. The process of death will begin this very day. Her eyes will be opened to knowing good and evil, but in truth she will go blind to the spiritual realm, to the very light which emanates from her body. Her entire perception of the world will itself become off-key to the heavenly reality she has heretofore known in the Garden. Reality will bifurcate. A split will occur between reality as God intended it versus reality as she experiences it. In truth, her eyes will be more shut than opened, and she will surely die. Of course, hindsight is 20/20. Gazing up at the tree now, she isn’t considering the downside anymore. 

The woman concludes the fruit of the tree is “good for food.” But no, more than edible it is  delicious––“pleasing to the eye.” But no, more than enticing it is edifying––“desirable to make one wise.” She looks over at her husband and he is silent. He makes no objection, no show of masculinity, no “hold on a second.” Here occurs the man’s failure: a relinquishing of delegated authority. His failure to act will be mankind’s first sin. 

Eve’s attention returns to the tree. Reaching upward, she tears a piece of fruit from the branch. Ah ha! The serpent here has his victory moment. It is akin to a customer taking up the pen to sign the order. It’s over. It’s done. Someone pop the Champagne! Cradling the fruit in her hand, she sees that nothing happens. She thinks she’s already transgressed the commandment yet she observes no change, no consequence. She now doubts the commandment altogether. Without any reluctance, she pulls it in and takes a bite. 

She is greeted with a momentary euphoria, sin’s pay-off, a temporary high. But she doesn’t have time to describe it, for within a moment, the Garden adheres to the truth of the matter. Her light goes out. The incandescence of her being powers down, level after level, a nauseating free fall, a generator gassing out. Startled, she turns and squints into the light of her husband as he stares back at her in disbelief. Although she is right beside him, suddenly they are worlds apart. 

Crossing the chasm from her world to his, she proffers the fruit to him. In so doing, departure from God is plated with increasing appeal: from a tree’s thoughtless branch to a beloved wife’s open palm. It is harder to resist...

But “Adam is not deceived. . .” (1 Timothy 2:14).

The man is not deceived because the truth has been revealed. The man knows exactly what will happen if he eats the fruit because he just saw his wife undergo a wilting transformation. He is now faced with a difficult decision: he either refuses the fruit (which separates him from his wife) or he accepts the fruit because it’s not a paradise if she is absent from it.

The man takes and eats the fruit, and crash lands on the other side. 

With his joining her, their eyes are both opened. First comes shame as they scrutinize one another, their connection diminished, their light extinguished, their rawness in full view. But shame is pushed aside by fear when they turn and behold the enemy for the first time. With new awareness, they perceive an evil so tangible and sinister that they flee from it (like Moses will do in Exodus 4:3). They don’t stop running from the serpent until they are deep in the jungle of Eden. Little do they realize, evil and its inclination goes right along with them. 

As for the serpent himself, he doesn’t even begin to chase them. He is far too full for that! Having consumed their holiness as his main dish, their fear as his dessert, he is bloated and swollen beyond recognition. So much to digest! For now, he meanders with lazy movements up the trunk of the Tree of Knowledge, its top well above the fog line. Once there he takes in the view, a glutton king surveying his newly-acquired territory, the sun quietly coming up behind him. 


*     *     *


The man arises from the water of the Jordan. The Spirit of God descends like a dove upon him, like Noah’s final dove finding a place to land, finally. The people nearby are astonished when a voice from above bellows, “This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.” The man upon whom the Spirit now rests is Jesus. He is the Son of God, the last Adam (Luke 3:38, 1 Corinthians 15:45). He is about to begin his ministry on earth. But before he begins, he knows what he has to do.  

Venturing out like a trapper, Jesus disappears into the wilderness. Alone, he makes himself the bait. He lets himself wither into a thing very weak, fasting for 40 consecutive days. He senses the serpent watching him from a distance, monitoring his strength as it dwindles week after week. 20 days go by. 30 days go by. By Day 40, Jesus is very near the limit of human capacity, 35 pounds lighter than when he began (source). Having gone 40 days without food, Jesus can barely stand. He slips in and out of consciousness. The line between what is and isn’t blurs. The enemy sees an edge and deems the time is right. In full strength the snake emerges from hiding and strikes.

Having been loosed from the Garden, the enemy has gained a new power, an ability to manipulate the way in which he is perceived by man. When the outside doesn’t reflect the inside––when something isn’t what it seems––a mockery of God’s design is done. But in his post-Garden spending-spree, the enemy cashes in on this liberty without end, oftentimes prowling around like a roaring lion (1 Peter 5:8). Today he dawns a different mask to buy and sell the performance. 

The enemy likes to mock what is holy and good. So, out here in the wilderness, the tempter approaches Jesus not as a snake but as someone Jesus already knows and trusts: a rabbi from his youth, a friend of his father’s, an old man with bushy eyebrows and a warm smile. When Jesus notices the rabbi approaching, Jesus isn’t sure if he is seeing another memory come to life or if, perhaps, the enemy has finally arrived.

The old, familiar rabbi seats himself across from Jesus. Seeing Jesus being so drawn and emaciated, a look of concern comes over the rabbi’s face. He speaks up for Jesus’ sake. He says, “If you are the Son of God, tell these stones to become bread.” Jesus look! These stones are good for food. It’s a fact that, if you’re the Son of God, you can turn these rocks into bread! So why are you doing this to yourself, my son? 

Tuning his thoughts to concert pitch, Jesus responds with a verse from Deuteronomy (Deuteronomy 8:3): “It is written, ‘Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.’” 

The rabbi looks away, disgusted. 

Did he not wait not long enough? Still, the enemy knows what Jesus desires more than food. Jesus wants his people to recognize the truth. The enemy, knowing this and seeing Jesus in his weakened state, remains seated. The advantage is not lost. Not a word is said for a long while, the two of them in total quiet except for an ever-present howl of wind ripping between the arid mountains. Jesus, slumped against a large stone, eventually lays his head back. He struggles to stay coherent and awake, but his mind is adrift. His eyelids are heavy. His focus is in and out. The rabbi’s bushy eyebrows are the last thing he sees before everything fades to black.

His eyes shoot open. Abruptly alert, Jesus finds himself in the middle of Jerusalem! He is perched high above a crowd of hundreds of people. He is peering down at them from the pinnacle of the Temple. It is from this position that the priest would regularly watch and wait for dawn, eager to give the signal that would commence the Temple services, the morning sacrifice set to occur exactly at sunrise. This position at the pinnacle of the Temple is a place of anticipation, a place of new beginnings. Jesus knows this intuitively as he beholds the setting that surrounds him.

Now there is standing beside him a man dressed in the holy garments of a Levitical priest. The priest stretches his hand out as if to invite Jesus to step forward. He says, “If you are the Son of God, jump off! For the Scriptures say, ‘He will order his angels to protect you. And they will hold you up with their hands so you won’t even hurt your foot on a stone.’”

If, in fact, you are the Son of God, show your people! Show them who you are in a way they would understand! They are expecting a Messiah, after all. Malachi 3:1 foretells of His coming here, and here you are! At a station of anticipation and new beginnings. Step forth and be carried down by angels; be proclaimed Messiah! It’s perfect; it’s poetic; it’s pleasing. Jesus, it’s what you want. Don’t miss this opportunity. Shortcuts still get you to the destination. 

The enemy quotes Scripture to bolster the temptation. The passage he references is from Psalm 91, a well known Messianic psalm. Verses 11, 12 & 14 read this way:

For [the Lord] will command his angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways; they will lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone. “Because he loves me,” says the Lord, “I will rescue him; I will protect him, for he acknowledges my name.

Did you catch the omission? Jesus sure did. The referenced passage is missing a verse, verse 13. It reads, “You will tread on the lion and the cobra; you will trample the great lion and the serpent.” 

The priest’s redaction rings out to Jesus. Calling up Deuteronomy 6:16, Jesus turns to the enemy and, looking him square in the eyes, says, “It is written, ‘You shall not put the Lord your God on trial.’” 

The priest draws back his right shoulder, his hand poised to slap Jesus across the face. Jesus winces, bracing for impact, but the strike doesn’t come as he expected. Instead, the man’s hand swipes the whole scene into oblivion. Jesus is hit not by a hand but by a blast of cold wind that ices his sun-burnt face. 

Jesus has been transported to the summit of a colossal mountain, its flanks so steep and rigid that a man could not climb them. He shares the summit with someone else, the sight of whom would bring an lesser man to his knees. In front of Jesus, buttressed by mighty wings on the right and left, adorned with precious stones of every color, towers a Goliath archangel whose splendor and radiance transcend anything the earth could produce. This striking angel holds a pose that accentuates his most stunning and wonderful features. When he looks down his nose at Jesus, he does so with surprise, for the emaniciated man seems unimpressed. 

The angel directs Jesus’ attention to the edge of the mountaintop. Jesus accepts the direction and together they walk to the edge. It is here that Jesus’ breath is taken away, for beyond the dizzying drop-off––far, far below––is a scene so captivating it is difficult to describe.

Draped over the landscape is history distilled into a single moment. All the kingdoms of earth are represented. Stretching as far as the eye can see, they light up the sky. Each kingdom portrayed in its highest grandeur: Greece at its greatest; Rome in its prime; Persia at its best; China in its fullness; Britain at its zenith; the United States with its towering skyscrapers; first century Israel with His beloved Jerusalem. It’s all there: past, present, and future.

Cast in the glow of this glorious summation of world history, the angel lets Jesus take it in. The angel pretends to look too, but he has frankly grown accustomed to this view. Besides, the kingdom he covets most is not included in this panorama. The kingdom he covets remains safeguarded within the thin frame of the man standing beside him. This kingdom the angel eyes secretly. 

He pivots toward Jesus as Jesus continues to survey the billions of people below. The angel sees their reflection in Jesus’ eyes. He is reminded of the way the light reflected in Eve’s eyes when she beheld the beauty of the Tree of Knowledge. The enemy smiles and speaks just above a whisper. “All these things I will give You,” he says, adding, “if You fall down and worship me.”

The temptation is legitimate. Jesus knows that the kingdoms of the earth are the enemy’s to give. The enemy has the authority to offer them. He acquired such power when man handed it over to him. The exchange occurred in the Garden...

God gave man dominion over all living creatures, and He commanded man to subdue the earth––to govern it (Genesis 1:28). Man’s authority was thereby established, his ruling over the earth and over all living creatures. But, when man ate the forbidden fruit, he succumbed to the will of the enemy. What occurred, then, was a trade off: the enemy gave what he had to man (the feeling of being like God) and man gave what he had to the enemy (control of the whole world). So came the dominion which the enemy––the “prince of this world” (John 14:30)––now presents to Jesus, legitimately. 

The enemy wants to make another trade. The enemy will give Jesus control of the whole world if Jesus will submit and worship him in return. If Jesus bows down and worships him, the enemy effectively becomes the Most High, and thereby achieves his greatest desire and satisfies the mantra of his heart! The enemy is trading up: from feeling like God to being God! It’s an astounding progression if he can pull it off. But of course, the enemy holds his cards close to his chest. He doesn’t show his desperation.

“All these things I will give You, if You fall down and worship me,” the angel says to Jesus. Underneath his calm demeanor, the enemy screams: “Jesus, no one will notice! It’s just you and me out here! I’m offering you the deal of a thousand lifetimes! The course of the world––up for sale! You can have it; you can rule it as you see fit! It’s yours, if you’ll simply do the smallest action in this private place. Your whole body is aching to lay down anyway. Come on, isn’t my offer desirable?”

No terrorism. No holocaust. No inquisition. No crucifixion. Jesus shuts his eyes and the world’s brilliance ceases to reach to his pupils. When his eyelids pull back, his eyes are illuminated from the inside, by the light of God’s Word. Jesus turns to the angel of light and answers with a verse from Deuteronomy (8:3). “It is written,” he says, “‘You shall worship the Lord your God and serve Him only.’” 

The angel’s countenance falls through his feet and tumbles down the mountainside. He knows there’s nowhere left to go; he’s heightened the temptations as high as he can take them. And still, despite the odds, Jesus––this man of God––has prevailed. 

There is a sudden whirl and Jesus lowers his head to avoid being disoriented. When he raises it up, he finds himself slumped against a rock on the desert floor. The sun is going down; the stars are coming out. Across from him is a man with the eyes of a serpent. The man is staring back at Jesus, motionless and crouching down. His expression is solemn and intense. No words are spoken. Jesus coughs once, twice, and the man is gone. 

Jesus, now left to the birds and the wild animals, is in a dangerous situation. His weakened body is all but paralyzed; his mind is unsteady and spent. He is starving and bordering death. If God doesn’t rescue him somehow, he will die right here in this vast and unforgiving wilderness. He is not demanding  an angelic dispatch, nor expecting it, but their appearance at his remote location is more than welcomed. They come and attend to him (Matthew 4:11), pulling him back from the brink of death.

With the enemy’s departure, the showdown between the best of man and the worst of heaven would seem to be over. But the curtains have not yet closed. A cryptic verse from Luke 4:13 states, “...when the devil had finished every temptation, he left Jesus until an opportune time.” This opportune time will not arrive until later, when Jesus (again delirious, again very near death) hangs on the cross. The enemy, then speaking through those in the crowd, calls out, “If you are the Son of God, come down from that cross!” (Matthew 27:40). 

Recollect the temptations: “If you are the Son of God...” “If you are the Son of God...” and now: “If you are the Son of God, come down from that cross!” This is the fourth great temptation, the opportune time that the snake has been waiting for. But this time, Jesus’ response is quite different than before. 

In the wilderness, Jesus relied on the Torah to do battle. There are five books in the Torah he could have chosen from, but a single book––Deuteronomy––was enough to put down the enemy. 

In another great showdown, David went against Goliath at the end of 40 days. David “chose five smooth stones from the brook and put them in his shepherd’s pouch. His sling was in his hand, and he approached the Philistine . . . David put his hand in his bag and took out a stone and slung it and struck the Philistine on his forehead. The stone sank into his forehead, and he fell on his face to the ground” (1 Samuel 17:4049).

David relied on these stones to do battle with Goliath. There were five stones in his bag he could have chosen from, but a single stone was enough to put down the enemy.

But there again, the showdown wasn’t over yet. After dropping him with a single stone, David stood over Goliath and drew Goliath’s sword out of its sheath. Using Goliath’s own weapon against him, David cut off Goliath’s head. 

In like manner, Jesus now responds. Hanging on the cross, he looks down at the enemy. Before this, he had struck down the enemy with a single book, but now Jesus will use something else to finalize his victory. Death is drawn up into his hands. Using the enemy’s own weapon against him, Jesus dies on the cross––and with that death, he crushes the serpent’s head. 


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Snakes are indeterminate growers. This means they never stop growing (source). And so it goes that, after thousands and thousands of years, the ancient serpent tears into the storyline at the end of time not as a snake but as a formidable reptile-dragon (Revelation 20:1-2).

The dragon has been thrown down from Heaven by angels empowered by the blood of the Lamb and by the testimony of the saints (12:11). Upon hearing the testimony of his missionaries, Jesus had said, “I saw Satan fall from Heaven like lightning...” (Luke 10:18). It is known that lightning is seen before the thunderclap is heard. A principle: there is a moment’s delay between cause and effect. And so, as his missionaries go out into the world––healing wounds and casting out demons, pronouncing the kingdom of God––Jesus witnesses the silent lightning-flash. But it’s only after a measurable delay that the world experiences the rumble of the thunder rolling across the sky. The enemy was crushed at the cross, yes, but now, at the end of time, the crashing reverberation of this reality has finally reached everyone’s senses!

In one last-ditch power grab, the enemy assembles kings from the east, west, north and south. Joining as one army in numbers like the sand on the seashore, they march across the breadth of the earth, closing in like a noose on God’s beloved city, Jerusalem. But Jesus, now seated at the right hand of God, is in a very different place than he was when he was alone and staving in the wilderness. Speaking as the king of kings and lord of lords, He gives the order.

Fire comes down from heaven. It devours the enemy’s entire army (Revelation 20:9). Just as fire descended from heaven to lick up the water around Elijah’s sacrifice, fire descends to consume the most impressive army the world has ever seen (20:9). The enemy is then seized and led like a criminal to the lake of fire. Now the lake of fire is not separation from God, but rather an uncensored experience of God and His holiness. Even death and hell will succumb to the experience (Revelation 20:14)! 

This is the dragon’s final moment. That ancient serpent––this one who shook the earth and made kingdoms tremble, this one who turned the world into a desert and destroyed its cities, this one who refused to let the captives return to their homes––is unapologetic and angry, without any last words to leave with his victims. Just before he is cast into the fiery lake, he glances back at Jesus upon the Throne. The two of them lock eyes one more time. Without speaking, Jesus passes a message to the serpent that goes something like: “I know you sought to feed on man’s holiness, so here, try Mine.” 

And with that, the enemy is never seen again.